Did Reagan pave the way for Trump? ‘You can trace the linkages,’ says biographer

"Understand this about immigration," Nancy Pelosi, the former speaker of the House of Representatives and a staunch Democrat, said in an interview on HBO earlier this month. "The best speech on immigration was by President Ronald Reagan."

Pelosi is not alone among Democrats heaping praise on the 40th president for his pro-immigration views, defiance of tyranny and politics of optimism - "It's morning in America." For many he has come to symbolise nostalgia for a more innocent, less partisan time. Visitors to America's capital often land at Ronald Reagan Washington national airport. A newly released biopic starring Dennis Quaid is the latest burnishing of the myth.

But a critically praised biography of Reagan challenges these assumptions, balancing recognition of Reagan's strengths with a close examination of his glaring weaknesses on inequality, race and the Aids pandemic. Its introduction poses a provocative question: "Did Reaganism contain the seeds of Trumpism?"

And the book comes not from a progressive Democrat but a former foreign policy adviser to the Republican presidential campaigns of John McCain, Mitt Romney and Marco Rubio. Max Boot is himself an immigrant: he was born in Moscow, grew up in Los Angeles, gained US citizenship and is now a senior fellow for national security studies at the Council on Foreign Relations thinktank.

"I guess my relationship with the Republican party is like the love affair that ended badly," Boot, 55, says in a Zoom interview from his white-walled home in New York. "I was an ardent admirer of Reagan as a young man in the 1980s.

"He made conservatism cool for a lot of people including me growing up in that decade and all the more so in my case because I was born in the Soviet Union and my family came here and so tended to gravitate towards the right side of the political spectrum. I loved it when he called the Soviet Union 'the evil empire' and stood up for human rights behind the iron curtain. He made me a Republican."

But a day after Donald Trump won the 2016 presidential election, Boot reregistered as an independent. He believes this has given him an objectivity and distance from his biographical subject. "That's allowed me to write a much better book than I would have written in the past if I were writing from a pro-Reagan or pro-Republican standpoint. What I tried to do was to do a very balanced job that was neither hagiography nor hit job but trying to show Reagan both good and bad."

In Reagan: His Life and Legend, Boot acknowledges the personal and political differences between Reagan, born in 1911, and Trump, born in 1946. Reagan, he argues, was both more ideological and more pragmatic than most people realise. He was pro-free trade, pro-immigration, pro-Nato and anti-Russian expansionism. Boot has no doubt that he would have supported Ukraine in its battle against Vladimir Putin. Reagan also had a sunny, optimistic vision of America, a sharp contrast from Trump's "American carnage".

But there are through lines, all the same. "Clearly the Republican party has evolved in ways that Reagan could have never anticipated and yet I don't think you can just say, wow, Trump arrived from Mars and there was no relationship between what he's saying and doing and previous decades in the Republican party," Boot argues.

"Just as a historian, that seems to me very ahistorical because we know things don't come out of nowhere. You can trace the linkages and see that despite the huge differences between Trump and Reagan, there are also various resemblances and similarities."

The first and most obvious is that both men were television hosts - Reagan on General Electric Theater, one of the most popular shows of the late 1950s and early 1960, and Trump on The Apprentice, one of the most popular shows of the 2000s and 2010s.

Boot comments: "Both Reagan and Trump beamed into people's homes so that people assumed that they knew them, that they were like a friend but, in many ways, they were falling for the image rather than the reality. In Trump's case, the image was that he was this super-successful wheeler-dealer whereas we now know that so many of his companies went bankrupt and he had a very chequered business record.

"In Reagan's case, it was this image as the man nextdoor, somebody who was like this friendly neighbour and warm friend, which was certainly the image that he projected. And yet it was striking to me, talking to people who knew him well, that actually Ronald Reagan had this glacial reserve. He would have made a pretty good hermit. That's an indication of how TV can distort reality."

Reagan also became a Hollywood film actor, which caused later critics to question his political and intellectual heft. In the 1985 time travel caper Back to the Future, Doc Brown says, "Tell me, Future Boy, who's President of the United States in 1985?" When Marty McFly says Ronald Reagan, an incredulous Doc retorts: "Ronald Reagan! The actor? Then who's vice-president, Jerry Lewis?"

But Reagan was in a different league from Trump, who once used a black Sharpie marker to alter an official hurricane map and suggested injecting bleach as a cure for Covid-19. Boot says: "It's all relative because Reagan was certainly criticised for knowing so little about the government and paying so little attention to details, which was true compared to other presidents. But he was practically like a political science PhD compared to Trump because he was actually interested in ideas.

"It wasn't all just about himself. It wasn't all about boosting his own ego. You could argue about his ideas and you could say maybe that they were bad ideas, but he had ideas and he was devoted to them and he read and he wrote. I read all of his letters that are extant and he was a beautiful writer. There was a lot more intellectual substance with Reagan than with Trump, even though Reagan was also accused of being a lightweight."

Reagan was hailed as "the great communicator". When asked how relevant his acting career had been for the presidency, he replied: "There have been times, in this office when I've wondered how you could do this job if you hadn't been an actor."

Both Reagan and Trump were populists who reviled Washington, though the former did not refer to it as "the deep state", and both used the campaign slogan "Make America great again". Boot also points to more troubling resemblances, including Reagan's poor record on civil rights and racial justice.

Reagan himself insisted that he was incapable of prejudice, pointing to the example of his father, Jack, who was of Irish Catholic ancestry and therefore the victim of discrimination, as giving Reagan some sensitivity about the experience of minorities. "But he was pretty oblivious to the African American experience," Boot contends.

"He talked about his home town of Dixon, Illinois, as being a wonderful place where people loved each other and neighbours supported each other and - he wouldn't have said it this way - it was like a kumbaya spirit prevailed. When I actually researched Dixon in the 1920s, what I discovered was it was a hotbed of the Ku Klux Klan.

"The Klan was having massive rallies right outside of town. They were marching through the downtown and in their white sheets. This is what Reagan's neighbours were actually up to and the town actually even had segregation, even though it wasn't in the south. The movie theatre was segregated; Black people had to sit in a separate area. It wasn't all peace and love but he was kind of oblivious to it."

Time and again in his early political career, Reagan was on the wrong side of history. He opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. In his race for governor of California in 1966, he opposed the Rumford Fair Housing Act, which prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.

In a 1971 phone call with President Richard Nixon, Reagan made racist remarks about African delegates to the United Nations, calling them "monkeys" and saying they were still "uncomfortable wearing shoes". He did not attend Martin Luther King's funeral, even though many Republicans did, and opposed the Martin Luther King Jr public holiday right up until the day he signed it into law.

Boot comments: "He certainly did not engage in the openly racist appeals of a George Wallace or Trump for that matter but he certainly used race-neutral, coded language that people understood, talking about law and order, talking about we can't allow our streets to turn into a jungle, talking about welfare queens, that infamous episode in the 1980 election where he spoke at the Neshoba County Fair [in Mississippi] and talked about states' rights a few miles from where three civil rights workers have been slain by the Klan.

"He had a double standard on human rights abroad, where he was very tough, and rightly so, on human rights violations in the Soviet Union but he was very weak on human rights violations in South Africa and in fact vetoed a tough sanctions bill on South Africa. I can't judge what was in Reagan's heart but I know his political record and it was one of catering to white backlash voters but doing it in seemingly neutral language which didn't alarm moderates, didn't turn off centrists."

A generation later, Trump dispensed with Reagan's dog whistle and replaced it with a bullhorn, deploying blatantly racist stereotypes in pursuit of the same goal. Boot adds: "He's not nearly as deft. He does it with these crazy stories about Haitian immigrants eating cats and dogs or whatever. Reagan loved an apocryphal story himself but nothing quite that crude or crazy."

The parallels do not stop there. Each was a Democrat before they were a Republican. Each was the oldest US president in history when he took office (a record since surpassed by Joe Biden). Each survived an attempted assassination by a loner with no apparent political motive. Just as Trump mishandled the coronavirus pandemic, Reagan had a devastating blind spot when it came to Aids, despite the efforts of scientists such as Anthony Fauci.

Boot comments: "When you look back at his presidency, the fact that he completely ignored Aids and it was killing tens of thousands of people, that's a major blot on his record. He even speculated that Aids could be God's punishment for gay people and so forth - things that were commonly said, I guess, in straight society in the 1980s.

"At the time reporters would joke with Reagan aides about Aids; the reporters thought it was a big joke, too. It wasn't like they were holding him to account. But standards have greatly changed and now, from our vantage point, it seems shocking that Reagan and a lot of his senior aides were so callous about Aids."

Ultimately, Boot argues, Reagan paved the way for Trump. "He was addicted to faux facts. He would often cite apocryphal quotes and anecdotes and statistics that weren't really true but would keep citing them anyway, even when it was pointed out that he didn't have any basis for doing so. You can argue that acclimated the Republican party to the fire hose of falsehoods that you see from Trump.

"Even more fundamentally, Reagan's policies truly favoured the wealthy and increased income disparity in the United States. You can argue that those policies, whether it was the tax cuts, lack of anti-trust, anti-union activity, all the rest, by widening those income disparities opened the way for populism in America, both from the left and the rightwing populism that Trump exploits today."

Reagan remains a convenient political prop for Republicans in 2024. Several candidates in this year's party primary sought to position themselves as Reagan's true heir, with former vice-president Mike Pence often recalling that he "joined the Reagan revolution and never looked back". Even Trump regularly calls the former president as a defence witness on abortion, stating that "like President Ronald Reagan before me, I support the three exceptions for rape, incest and the life of the mother".

Reagan died in 2004, aged 93, after a long struggle with Alzheimer's disease. If he were still alive today, it is impossible to imagine him delivering a Maga speech on Trump's behalf at a campaign rally or convention. Boot reflects: "Every generation of Republicans has been more rightwing than the previous generation. Reagan was well to the right of Nixon and Ford. Trump is now well to the right of Reagan.

"I'm sure that if Reagan were still alive, he would be being denounced as a Rino [Republican in name only], just as George Bush and Dick Cheney and so many others are today. After all, in 1986 Reagan signed this immigration bill that legalised millions of undocumented immigrants - what Republicans today would denounce as an amnesty bill and so very different from what Maga Republicans would do.

"The ultimate irony here is that, in 1980, when Reagan was elected, Reaganism was pushing the Republican party in the country to the right. Today, if Reaganism were to prevail on the Republican party, it would be pushing the Republican party to the left, to the centre."

Both Reagan and Trump demonstrated the power of personality to shape the Republican party in their own image. Where celebrity led, ideology followed. Boot wonders if the same thing could happen when the party finally enters the post-Trump era.

"It's possible to imagine maybe there will be some charismatic, transcendent individual in the future who might have much more moderate views than Trump does and, if so, that person could easily gain ascendancy over the Republican party. It's also possible that a rightwing demagogue who's as crazy as Trump but even more effective could be the future of the Republican party.

"It's up for grabs - too soon to know. But based on the Reagan and Trump precedent, maybe we should be looking for the next leader of the Republican party among people who host national TV shows."