‘Decide who you are with’, Ukrainian leader tells Viktor Orbán

A visibly tired but emphatic Zelenskiy name-checked all 27 EU member states in his address by video link on Thursday night, noting those who supported Ukraine and those he thought could do more.

But the most spine-tingling moment came when Zelenskiy confronted Hungary's leader, whose recent condemnation of the war has not allayed doubts about his pro-Kremlin leanings, after years as Vladimir Putin's staunchest ally in the EU. "Listen, Viktor, do you know what's going on in Mariupol?" Zelenskiy said, drawing a line between the brutal bombardment of the strategic port city and Hungary's past.

Referring to Hungary's "tragic history", Zelenskiy recalled visiting a memorial on the banks of the Danube that commemorates Hungarian Jews who were shot in 1944-45 by local fascists. Scores of iron shoes are embedded in the embankment in memory of men, women and children who were forced to remove their footwear, before being shot into the freezing river.

The Hungarian government is not joining other EU countries in supplying arms to Ukraine, nor will it allow weapons to pass through its territory. Budapest argues such steps would endanger people in Transcarpathia, a region in western Ukraine with a large Hungarian minority.

The only other leader Zelenskiy mentioned by name was the French president, Emmanuel Macron, with a hint that he did not detect Paris's full support yet. "France, Emmanuel, I really believe that you will stand for us." France, along with the Netherlands, has warned against enlarging the EU too quickly and does not want to rush the membership process.

Despite Zelenskiy's appeal for further sanctions, EU leaders did not make immediate promises for restrictions on Russia, but said in a late-night statement they would "move quickly with further coordinated robust sanctions on Russia and Belarus to effectively thwart Russian abilities to continue the aggression".

Zelenskiy was speaking to EU leaders after they met Joe Biden in a show of transatlantic unity. The US president stressed the importance of keeping up the momentum on sanctions, while expressing understanding of Europe's difficulty of weaning itself off Russian fossil fuels, according to an EU official familiar with the talks.

On Friday, Biden and the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen, announced that the US would provide "at least" 15bn cubic metres (bcm) of liquefied natural gas to the EU in 2022 to help Europe curb its consumption of Russian gas. Von der Leyen said this was a "big step" and promised the EU would ensure "stable demand" for 50bcm of US sea tanker gas by 2030. In 2021 Russia sent about 155bcm to the EU, about 40% of the bloc's gas consumption.

Following a testy argument about EU electricity market rules and surging energy prices, EU leaders agreed on a voluntary scheme for the joint purchase of gas, LNG and hydrogen to lever the bloc's market weight with the aim of dampening prices.

They also repeated a pledge to phase out dependency on Russian coal, oil and gas "as soon as possible", but, as expected, swerved a decision on banning imports of Russian fossil fuels. Von der Leyen said sanctions were "biting hard" into the Russian economy and that "all our efforts should be on enforcing these sanctions and preventing circumvention and evasion".

More than 40 countries representing more than half of global GDP had sanctioned Russia, she added.